Royal Society of Chemistry

Table 4

Fuel properties of petroleum‐derived fuels.²⁷

Fuel Test	Kerosene	Gas Oil	LFO	HFO
Carbon residue (%)	<0.15	<0.35	‐	‐
Viscosity, 40 °C (cSt)	1.2	3.3	21	30
Water content (%)	‐	0.05	0.1	‐
Density (kg m⁻³)	0.84	0.78	0.89	0.95
Ash content (%)	‐	0.01	0.02	‐
Flash point (°C)	40	75	79	110
Carbon (%)	‐	87.1	85.5	‐
Hydrogen (%)	13.6	12.8	12.4	11.8
Sulfur (%)	0.1	0.9	1.4	2.1
Initial b.pt. (°C)	140	180	200	252
10% b.pt. (°C)	‐	‐	‐	‐
50% b.pt. (°C)	200	300	347	‐
90% b.pt. (°C)	315	‐	‐	‐
Calorific Vale (MJ kg⁻¹)	46.6	46.0	44.8	44.0

Fuel Test	Kerosene	Gas Oil	LFO	HFO
Carbon residue (%)	<0.15	<0.35	‐	‐
Viscosity, 40 °C (cSt)	1.2	3.3	21	30
Water content (%)	‐	0.05	0.1	‐
Density (kg m⁻³)	0.84	0.78	0.89	0.95
Ash content (%)	‐	0.01	0.02	‐
Flash point (°C)	40	75	79	110
Carbon (%)	‐	87.1	85.5	‐
Hydrogen (%)	13.6	12.8	12.4	11.8
Sulfur (%)	0.1	0.9	1.4	2.1
Initial b.pt. (°C)	140	180	200	252
10% b.pt. (°C)	‐	‐	‐	‐
50% b.pt. (°C)	200	300	347	‐
90% b.pt. (°C)	315	‐	‐	‐
Calorific Vale (MJ kg⁻¹)	46.6	46.0	44.8	44.0

a

LFO=Light Fuel Oil, HFO=Heavy Fuel Oil.