Royal Society of Chemistry

Table 5

Summary of processes for up‐grading of bio‐oil

Process	Reactor	Raw material	Temp. (°C)	Time	Catalyst bed	Product yields (wt%)			Ref.
Process	Reactor	Raw material	Temp. (°C)	Time	Catalyst bed	Liquid	Char	Gas	Ref.
Catalytic cracking	fluidised bed	pine wood	450	5.9 sa	Sand	32.7	15.3	52.0	34
	fluidised bed	pine wood	450	5.9 sa	HZSM‐5	33.7	9.0	52.1	34
	fluidised bed	sawdust	450	-	H‐ZSM‐5	59.5	28.5	12.0	35
	fluidised bed	sawdust	500	-		63.5	21.5	15.0	35
Esterification	autoclave	bio‐oil and methanol	70	30 minb	Amberlyst‐70c	30 wt% acetic acid conversion			29
	autoclave	bio‐oil and methanol	150	30 minb	Amberlyst‐70c	90 wt% acetic acid conversion			29
	two‐neck flask	acetic acid and methanol	50	200 minb	SO₃Na‐SBA‐15d	2 wt% acetic acid conversion			36
				200 minb	SO₃H‐SBA‐15e	30 wt% acetic acid conversion
				1200 minb	SO₃H‐SBA‐15	70 wt% acetic acid conversion
Hydrodeoxygenation	autoclave	acetic acid and H₂	200	120 minb	Mo‐10Ni/Al₂O₃	33 wt% acetic acid conversion			37
	autoclave	acetic acid and H₂	200	120 minb	10Ni/Al₂O₃	8.4 wt% acetic acid conversion			37
	autoclave	phenol, dodecane and H₂	250	10 hb	Co‐Mo	96 wt% phenol acid conversion			38

Process	Reactor	Raw material	Temp. (°C)	Time	Catalyst bed	Product yields (wt%)			Ref.
Process	Reactor	Raw material	Temp. (°C)	Time	Catalyst bed	Liquid	Char	Gas	Ref.
Catalytic cracking	fluidised bed	pine wood	450	5.9 sa	Sand	32.7	15.3	52.0	34
	fluidised bed	pine wood	450	5.9 sa	HZSM‐5	33.7	9.0	52.1	34
	fluidised bed	sawdust	450	-	H‐ZSM‐5	59.5	28.5	12.0	35
	fluidised bed	sawdust	500	-		63.5	21.5	15.0	35
Esterification	autoclave	bio‐oil and methanol	70	30 minb	Amberlyst‐70c	30 wt% acetic acid conversion			29
	autoclave	bio‐oil and methanol	150	30 minb	Amberlyst‐70c	90 wt% acetic acid conversion			29
	two‐neck flask	acetic acid and methanol	50	200 minb	SO₃Na‐SBA‐15d	2 wt% acetic acid conversion			36
				200 minb	SO₃H‐SBA‐15e	30 wt% acetic acid conversion
				1200 minb	SO₃H‐SBA‐15	70 wt% acetic acid conversion
Hydrodeoxygenation	autoclave	acetic acid and H₂	200	120 minb	Mo‐10Ni/Al₂O₃	33 wt% acetic acid conversion			37
	autoclave	acetic acid and H₂	200	120 minb	10Ni/Al₂O₃	8.4 wt% acetic acid conversion			37
	autoclave	phenol, dodecane and H₂	250	10 hb	Co‐Mo	96 wt% phenol acid conversion			38

a

Vapour residence.

b

Reaction time.

c

Commercial catalyst from Merck.

d

Sodium exchanged SO₃H‐SBA‐15.

e

Sulfonic acid functionalised mesoporous material.