Analytical figures of merit of different types of biosensor detecting various molecules of clinical interest. (Adapted from reference 58.)a
| Analyte detected (matrix) . | Sensor type . | Linear range . | LOD . | Sensitivity (slope) . | Additional information . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose (buffer) | CNT enzyme-based biosensor | Up to 10 mM | 0.25 μM | 30.2±0.5 μA/mM | r2=0.999; n=10 |
| Glucose (blood serum) | Amperometric enzyme-based biosensor | 1.0 μM–0.8 mM | 0.5 μMb | 2.3 mA/M | r2=0.999; n=7 |
| CV(%)=4.8 | |||||
| Glucose (human serum) | Amperometric enzyme-based biosensor | 1.0 μM–1.6 mM | 0.69 μMb | 69.26 mA/M.cm2 | r2=0.999; n=25 |
| CV(%)=1.1 | |||||
| Glucose (buffer) | Amperometric CNT-based biosensor | 0.005–0.3 mM | 3 μMb | 80±4 mA/M.cm2 | r2=0.996; n=5 |
| CV(%) <5% | |||||
| Glucose (buffer) | CNT enzyme-based biosensor | Up to 2 mM | 4 μM | 0.33 μA/mM | r2=0.998 |
| Glucose (buffer) | CNT enzyme-based biosensor | 15.0 μM–6.0 mM | 7 μMb | r2=0.992; n=8 | |
| CV(%)=1 .6 | |||||
| Glucose (buffer) | Amperometric enzyme-based biosensor | 0.02–5.7 mM | 8.2 μMb | 8.8±0.2 mA/M.cm2 | CV(%)=2.1 |
| Cholesterol (human serum) | Amperometric CNT-based biosensor | 0.004–0.7 mM | 1.0 pMb | 1.55 μA/mM | r2=0.9954; n=8 |
| CV(%)=4.2% | |||||
| Cholesterol (human serum) | CNT enzyme-based biosensor | 0.004–0.10 mM | 1.4 μMc | y=14.23x+0.2602 | |
| r2=0.999; n=11 | |||||
| CV(%)=2.5 | |||||
| Cholesterol (buffer) | Amperometric enzyme-based biosensor | 1.2 μM–1 mM | 0.12 mMd | r2=0.9998; n=11 | |
| CV(%)<4.0 | |||||
| Cholesterol (buffer) | Amperometric enzyme-based biosensor | Up to 12 mM | 0.18 mM | 1.61 nA/mM | |
| Cholesterol (buffer) | CNT amperometric biosensor | 0.2–6.0 mM | 0.2 mMb | 0.559 μA/mM | |
| Cholesterol (buffer) | Impedance enzyme-based biosensor | 50–400 mg/dL | 25 mg/dL | r2=0.9946 | |
| Cholesterol (buffer) | Impedance enzyme-based biosensor | 25–400 mg/dL | 25 mg/dL | 7.76×105 Abs/mg.dL | y=0.03546x+7.76×10−5 |
| Cholesterol (human serum) | SPR enzyme-based biosensor | 50–500 mg/dL | 50 mg/dL | 1.04 m°/mg.dL | |
| Cholesterol (human blood) | Voltammetric enzyme-based biosensor | 0.01–0.06 mM | 0.85 nA/μM | r2=0.99 | |
| y=0.6054x+0.2411 | |||||
| Glutamate (buffer) | CNT enzyme-based biosensor | 0.2–250 μM | 0.01 μMb | 433 μA/mM.cm2 | r2=0.9984 |
| CV(%)=4.8 | |||||
| Glutamate (buffer) | Amperometric enzyme-based biosensor | 0.5 μM–500 mM | 0.01 μMb | 100±10 mA/M.cm2 | r2=0.991 |
| Glutamate (buffer) | Amperometric enzyme-based biosensor | 0.25 mM | 2.0 μMb | 80±10 nA/μM.cm2 | n=5 |
| Glutamate (buffer) | Amperomctric enzyme-based biosensor | 10 μM–1.5 mM | 5 μM | 88.8 nA/mM | y=88.832x |
| r2=0.9945; n=3 | |||||
| Glutamate (buffer) | Amperometric enzyme-based biosensor | 5 μM–0.5 mM | 5 μM | 0.62 mA/mM.cm2 | r2=0.9968 |
| Glutamate (buffer) | Amperometric enzyme-based biosensor | 20 μM–0.75 mM | 20 μM | y=5.0145x+0.1638 | |
| r2=0.9950; n=3 | |||||
| CV(%)=9.6 | |||||
| Glutamatc (buffer) | CNT enzyme-based biosensor | 25 μM | 25 μM | 1.29±0.18 nA/μM.cm2 | y=1.29x+0.088 |
| CEA (human serum) | Amperomctric immunosensor | 0.5–5.0 ng/mL | 0.2 ng/mLb | ||
| CEA (human serum) | SPR immunosensor | 0.5 ng/mL | S/N=2.7 | ||
| CEA (human serum) | Potentiometric immunosensor | 4.4–85.7 ng/mL | 1.2 ng/mLd | y=24.36 log x−10.37 | |
| r=0.997; n=5 | |||||
| CV(%)=2.2 | |||||
| CEA (human serum) | Electrochemical immunosensor | 2–14 U/mL | 1.73 U/mLb | 3.2±0.1 mL/U | r2=0.9975 |
| Nitric oxide (buffer) | Amperometric CNT-based sensor | 0.2–150 μM | 0.08 pM | ||
| Nitric oxide (buffer) | Hemoglobin-based electrochemical biosensor | 1–50 μM | 0.003 pMb | 0.0424 μA/μM | y=0.0424x+2.441 r=0.9978 |
| Nitric oxide (buffer) | Hemoglobin-based amperometric biosensor | 0.01–1.0 μM | 5.0 pMb | y=1.356x+1.168×10−2 | |
| r2=0.9989; n=8 | |||||
| CV(%)=4.2 | |||||
| Nitric oxide (buffer) | Hemoglobin-based amperometric biosensor | 0.04 nM–5.0 μM | 20 pMb | ||
| C-Reactive Protein (human blood) | Magnetic immunosensor | 0.025–2.5 μg/mL (28.5 pM–2.9 nM) | 25.0 ng/mLe | y=0.2108x+72.31 r2=0.989 | |
| C-Reactive Protein (human blood) | SPR Immunosensor | 2–5 μg/mL (2.3–5.75 nM) | 1 μg/mLf | y=10.675x–16.995 r2=0.9867 | |
| C-Reactive Protein (human blood) | Capacitive immunosensor | 0.025–1 μg/mL | y=2.78x+1.29 r2=0.9255CV(%)=1.72 | ||
| C-Reactive Protein (human blood) | SPR immunosensor | 5–25 μg/mL | |||
| Catecholamines: DA, EPI, NEPI (buffer) | Amperometric enzyme-based biosensor | DA: up to 40 μM | 0.2 μMb | 75 nA/μM | CV(%)=5.3 |
| EPI: up to 55 μM | 0.4 μMb | 45 nA/μM | CV(%)=6.0 | ||
| NEPI: up to 55 μM | 0.3 μMb | 60 nA/μM | CV(%)=6.1 | ||
| Catecholamines: DA, EPI, NEPI (human urine and plasma) | Optical fiber enzyme-based biosensor | 5–125 pg/mL | DA: 2.1 pg/mLd | y=0.344x+0.4; r2=0.9998 | |
| EPI: 2.6 pg/mLd | y=0.140x+0.04; r2=0.9996 | ||||
| NEPI: 3.4 pg/mLd | y=0.252x+0.38; r2=0.9997 | ||||
| EPI (buffer) | Fiber-optic enzyme-based biosensor | 0.2–0.9 μM | y=−0.016533x−1.30882 r2=0.988 | ||
| NEPI (buffer) | DNA-based biosensor | 0.5–80 μM | 5 nM | y=0.85x+8.87; r2=0.993 | |
| DA (buffer) | Electrochemical enzyme-based CNT biosensor | 1.0–30.0 μM | 400 nMb | y=0.61x−1.19 | |
| DA (buffer) | Amperometric enzyme-based biosensor | 5–120 μM | 68.6 mA/mM.cm2 | r2=0.999 | |
| Acetylcholine (buffer) | CNT-ISFET sensor | 10–10 000 μM | 0.01 μM | 378.2 μA/decade | |
| Acetylcholine (buffer) | Amperometric enzyme-based biosensor | 1–1500 μM | 0.6 μMb | ||
| Acetylcholine (buffer) | Carbon fiber-based biosensor | 1–100 μM | 1 μMb | r=0.998 | |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis (simulation sample) | Bulk acoustic wave impedance biosensor | 2×103–3×10 7 cells/mL | 2×103 cells/mL | log y=11.23457−0.00763x r2=0.9458; n=5 | |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis (saliva) | QCM immunosensor | 105–108 cells/mL | 105 cells/mL | ||
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis (buffer) | QCM sensor | 102–107 cfu/mL | 102 cfu/mL | y=−2.90x−64.29 r2=0.997 | |
| Human ferritin (serum) | QCM immunosensor | 0.1–100 ng/mL | y=89.52 log x+117.68 r2=0.9944 | ||
| CV(%): 4.97–20.4 | |||||
| Human ferritin (serum) | SPR immunosensor | 0.2–200 ng/mL | y=152.13 log x+168.16 | ||
| r2=0.9997 | |||||
| Choline (buffer) | Carbon fiber-based biosensor | 1–100 μM | 1 μMg | r2=0.9837 | |
| Diphtheria antigen (buffer) | Potentiometric CNT-based immunosensor | 24–1280 ng/mL | 7.8 ng/mL | y=74 log x−98.6 r=0.9978; n=13CV(%)=2.3 | |
| hCG (human serum) | Electrochemical CNT-based immunosensor | 0.5–5.0 mlU/mL | 0.3 mlU/mLd | 5.38±0.10 mlU/mL | r=0.9998 |
| hCG (human serum and urine) | QCM immunosensor | 2.5–500 mlU/mL | 2.5 mlU/mLb | CV(%)<5.0 | |
| Insulin (serum) | SPR immunosensor | 6–200 ng/mL | 6 ng/mL | ||
| Vibrio cholerae (buffer) | SPR immunosensor | 3×105–3×109 cells/mL | 105 cells/mL | r=0.9984 |
| Analyte detected (matrix) . | Sensor type . | Linear range . | LOD . | Sensitivity (slope) . | Additional information . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose (buffer) | CNT enzyme-based biosensor | Up to 10 mM | 0.25 μM | 30.2±0.5 μA/mM | r2=0.999; n=10 |
| Glucose (blood serum) | Amperometric enzyme-based biosensor | 1.0 μM–0.8 mM | 0.5 μMb | 2.3 mA/M | r2=0.999; n=7 |
| CV(%)=4.8 | |||||
| Glucose (human serum) | Amperometric enzyme-based biosensor | 1.0 μM–1.6 mM | 0.69 μMb | 69.26 mA/M.cm2 | r2=0.999; n=25 |
| CV(%)=1.1 | |||||
| Glucose (buffer) | Amperometric CNT-based biosensor | 0.005–0.3 mM | 3 μMb | 80±4 mA/M.cm2 | r2=0.996; n=5 |
| CV(%) <5% | |||||
| Glucose (buffer) | CNT enzyme-based biosensor | Up to 2 mM | 4 μM | 0.33 μA/mM | r2=0.998 |
| Glucose (buffer) | CNT enzyme-based biosensor | 15.0 μM–6.0 mM | 7 μMb | r2=0.992; n=8 | |
| CV(%)=1 .6 | |||||
| Glucose (buffer) | Amperometric enzyme-based biosensor | 0.02–5.7 mM | 8.2 μMb | 8.8±0.2 mA/M.cm2 | CV(%)=2.1 |
| Cholesterol (human serum) | Amperometric CNT-based biosensor | 0.004–0.7 mM | 1.0 pMb | 1.55 μA/mM | r2=0.9954; n=8 |
| CV(%)=4.2% | |||||
| Cholesterol (human serum) | CNT enzyme-based biosensor | 0.004–0.10 mM | 1.4 μMc | y=14.23x+0.2602 | |
| r2=0.999; n=11 | |||||
| CV(%)=2.5 | |||||
| Cholesterol (buffer) | Amperometric enzyme-based biosensor | 1.2 μM–1 mM | 0.12 mMd | r2=0.9998; n=11 | |
| CV(%)<4.0 | |||||
| Cholesterol (buffer) | Amperometric enzyme-based biosensor | Up to 12 mM | 0.18 mM | 1.61 nA/mM | |
| Cholesterol (buffer) | CNT amperometric biosensor | 0.2–6.0 mM | 0.2 mMb | 0.559 μA/mM | |
| Cholesterol (buffer) | Impedance enzyme-based biosensor | 50–400 mg/dL | 25 mg/dL | r2=0.9946 | |
| Cholesterol (buffer) | Impedance enzyme-based biosensor | 25–400 mg/dL | 25 mg/dL | 7.76×105 Abs/mg.dL | y=0.03546x+7.76×10−5 |
| Cholesterol (human serum) | SPR enzyme-based biosensor | 50–500 mg/dL | 50 mg/dL | 1.04 m°/mg.dL | |
| Cholesterol (human blood) | Voltammetric enzyme-based biosensor | 0.01–0.06 mM | 0.85 nA/μM | r2=0.99 | |
| y=0.6054x+0.2411 | |||||
| Glutamate (buffer) | CNT enzyme-based biosensor | 0.2–250 μM | 0.01 μMb | 433 μA/mM.cm2 | r2=0.9984 |
| CV(%)=4.8 | |||||
| Glutamate (buffer) | Amperometric enzyme-based biosensor | 0.5 μM–500 mM | 0.01 μMb | 100±10 mA/M.cm2 | r2=0.991 |
| Glutamate (buffer) | Amperometric enzyme-based biosensor | 0.25 mM | 2.0 μMb | 80±10 nA/μM.cm2 | n=5 |
| Glutamate (buffer) | Amperomctric enzyme-based biosensor | 10 μM–1.5 mM | 5 μM | 88.8 nA/mM | y=88.832x |
| r2=0.9945; n=3 | |||||
| Glutamate (buffer) | Amperometric enzyme-based biosensor | 5 μM–0.5 mM | 5 μM | 0.62 mA/mM.cm2 | r2=0.9968 |
| Glutamate (buffer) | Amperometric enzyme-based biosensor | 20 μM–0.75 mM | 20 μM | y=5.0145x+0.1638 | |
| r2=0.9950; n=3 | |||||
| CV(%)=9.6 | |||||
| Glutamatc (buffer) | CNT enzyme-based biosensor | 25 μM | 25 μM | 1.29±0.18 nA/μM.cm2 | y=1.29x+0.088 |
| CEA (human serum) | Amperomctric immunosensor | 0.5–5.0 ng/mL | 0.2 ng/mLb | ||
| CEA (human serum) | SPR immunosensor | 0.5 ng/mL | S/N=2.7 | ||
| CEA (human serum) | Potentiometric immunosensor | 4.4–85.7 ng/mL | 1.2 ng/mLd | y=24.36 log x−10.37 | |
| r=0.997; n=5 | |||||
| CV(%)=2.2 | |||||
| CEA (human serum) | Electrochemical immunosensor | 2–14 U/mL | 1.73 U/mLb | 3.2±0.1 mL/U | r2=0.9975 |
| Nitric oxide (buffer) | Amperometric CNT-based sensor | 0.2–150 μM | 0.08 pM | ||
| Nitric oxide (buffer) | Hemoglobin-based electrochemical biosensor | 1–50 μM | 0.003 pMb | 0.0424 μA/μM | y=0.0424x+2.441 r=0.9978 |
| Nitric oxide (buffer) | Hemoglobin-based amperometric biosensor | 0.01–1.0 μM | 5.0 pMb | y=1.356x+1.168×10−2 | |
| r2=0.9989; n=8 | |||||
| CV(%)=4.2 | |||||
| Nitric oxide (buffer) | Hemoglobin-based amperometric biosensor | 0.04 nM–5.0 μM | 20 pMb | ||
| C-Reactive Protein (human blood) | Magnetic immunosensor | 0.025–2.5 μg/mL (28.5 pM–2.9 nM) | 25.0 ng/mLe | y=0.2108x+72.31 r2=0.989 | |
| C-Reactive Protein (human blood) | SPR Immunosensor | 2–5 μg/mL (2.3–5.75 nM) | 1 μg/mLf | y=10.675x–16.995 r2=0.9867 | |
| C-Reactive Protein (human blood) | Capacitive immunosensor | 0.025–1 μg/mL | y=2.78x+1.29 r2=0.9255CV(%)=1.72 | ||
| C-Reactive Protein (human blood) | SPR immunosensor | 5–25 μg/mL | |||
| Catecholamines: DA, EPI, NEPI (buffer) | Amperometric enzyme-based biosensor | DA: up to 40 μM | 0.2 μMb | 75 nA/μM | CV(%)=5.3 |
| EPI: up to 55 μM | 0.4 μMb | 45 nA/μM | CV(%)=6.0 | ||
| NEPI: up to 55 μM | 0.3 μMb | 60 nA/μM | CV(%)=6.1 | ||
| Catecholamines: DA, EPI, NEPI (human urine and plasma) | Optical fiber enzyme-based biosensor | 5–125 pg/mL | DA: 2.1 pg/mLd | y=0.344x+0.4; r2=0.9998 | |
| EPI: 2.6 pg/mLd | y=0.140x+0.04; r2=0.9996 | ||||
| NEPI: 3.4 pg/mLd | y=0.252x+0.38; r2=0.9997 | ||||
| EPI (buffer) | Fiber-optic enzyme-based biosensor | 0.2–0.9 μM | y=−0.016533x−1.30882 r2=0.988 | ||
| NEPI (buffer) | DNA-based biosensor | 0.5–80 μM | 5 nM | y=0.85x+8.87; r2=0.993 | |
| DA (buffer) | Electrochemical enzyme-based CNT biosensor | 1.0–30.0 μM | 400 nMb | y=0.61x−1.19 | |
| DA (buffer) | Amperometric enzyme-based biosensor | 5–120 μM | 68.6 mA/mM.cm2 | r2=0.999 | |
| Acetylcholine (buffer) | CNT-ISFET sensor | 10–10 000 μM | 0.01 μM | 378.2 μA/decade | |
| Acetylcholine (buffer) | Amperometric enzyme-based biosensor | 1–1500 μM | 0.6 μMb | ||
| Acetylcholine (buffer) | Carbon fiber-based biosensor | 1–100 μM | 1 μMb | r=0.998 | |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis (simulation sample) | Bulk acoustic wave impedance biosensor | 2×103–3×10 7 cells/mL | 2×103 cells/mL | log y=11.23457−0.00763x r2=0.9458; n=5 | |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis (saliva) | QCM immunosensor | 105–108 cells/mL | 105 cells/mL | ||
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis (buffer) | QCM sensor | 102–107 cfu/mL | 102 cfu/mL | y=−2.90x−64.29 r2=0.997 | |
| Human ferritin (serum) | QCM immunosensor | 0.1–100 ng/mL | y=89.52 log x+117.68 r2=0.9944 | ||
| CV(%): 4.97–20.4 | |||||
| Human ferritin (serum) | SPR immunosensor | 0.2–200 ng/mL | y=152.13 log x+168.16 | ||
| r2=0.9997 | |||||
| Choline (buffer) | Carbon fiber-based biosensor | 1–100 μM | 1 μMg | r2=0.9837 | |
| Diphtheria antigen (buffer) | Potentiometric CNT-based immunosensor | 24–1280 ng/mL | 7.8 ng/mL | y=74 log x−98.6 r=0.9978; n=13CV(%)=2.3 | |
| hCG (human serum) | Electrochemical CNT-based immunosensor | 0.5–5.0 mlU/mL | 0.3 mlU/mLd | 5.38±0.10 mlU/mL | r=0.9998 |
| hCG (human serum and urine) | QCM immunosensor | 2.5–500 mlU/mL | 2.5 mlU/mLb | CV(%)<5.0 | |
| Insulin (serum) | SPR immunosensor | 6–200 ng/mL | 6 ng/mL | ||
| Vibrio cholerae (buffer) | SPR immunosensor | 3×105–3×109 cells/mL | 105 cells/mL | r=0.9984 |
CNT, Carbon nanotube; CEA, Carcinoembryonic antigen; DA, Dopamine; EPI, Epinephrine; LOD, Limit of detection; NEPI, Norepinephrine; QCM, Quartz crystal microbalance; SPR, Surface plasmon resonance; hCG, Human chorionic gonadotropin.
LOD is three times the signal-to-noise ratio.
LOD is 3s/k with s the standard deviation of 11 determinations and k the slope of calibration plot.
LOD is three times the residual standard deviation.
LOD is 10 times the background noise.
LOD is higher than four times the background (0.5 AU, Arbitrary Units).
LOD is approximately twice the noise level.